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Estudo feito por pesquisadores do Laboratório de Bioinformática e Neurogenética (LaBiN) do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde (PPGCS) da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUR) confirmou que o consumo de etanol (EtOH), componente ativo das bebidas alcoólicas, durante a gravidez pode comprometer o neurodesenvolvimento fetal. Isso pode provocar o Transtorno do Espectro Alcoólico Fetal (TEAF), que inclui deficiências físicas, mentais e comportamentais e é normalmente confundido com o autismo, especialmente em crianças pequenas.
Segundo os resultados, o EtOH altera a organização da estrutura responsável por compactar o DNA (cromatina) e prejudica o desenvolvimento da formação de redes neurais funcionais durante o desenvolvimento cerebral. A exposição ao álcool afeta negativamente tanto a formação quanto a atividade dessas redes.
“Estudos anteriores já demonstraram que o consumo de álcool durante a gravidez pode levar a distúrbios conhecidos como Transtorno do Espectro Alcoólico Fetal, que incluem deficiências físicas, mentais e comportamentais, que inclusive se confundem com o autismo, especialmente em crianças pequenas. Nos Estados Unidos, estima-se que 1 em cada 20 nascimentos seja afetado pelo TEAF, mas não há dados concretos sobre a incidência no Brasil”, explicou o pesquisador e coordenador do LabiN, Roberto Hirochi Herai.
De acordo com levantamento do Centro de Informações sobre Saúde e Álcool (Cisa), entre os anos de 2010 e 2023 houve aumento de 10,5% para 15,2% no percentual de mulheres que consomem bebidas alcoólicas excessivamente. Entre os homens, a taxa permaneceu estável, de 27% para 27,3%. Na população em geral, o aumento foi de 18,1% para 20,8%. “No caso de mulheres grávidas, os riscos associados ao álcool são ainda maiores, pois ainda não há dados que indiquem se há uma quantidade segura do consumo de álcool durante uma gestação”, afirmam os pesquisadores.
Para um dos autores do estudo, Bruno Guerra, os efeitos moleculares do consumo de álcool durante a gestação no desenvolvimento do córtex cerebral fetal humano ainda são pouco conhecidos.
“Compreender a base das alterações moleculares, incluindo os problemas que são causados nas células cerebrais, ajudará no desenvolvimento de futuras terapias de tratamento para as TEAF e a esclarecer as alterações relacionadas aos processos neurobiológicos. Isso permitirá a geração de mais dados que possam auxiliar na criação de políticas de saúde pública relacionadas ao consumo de álcool por grávidas”, destacou.
